The most remarkable holiday I’ve ever had was Christmas 2019 when I had the chance to explore the breathtaking wonders of the Great Barrier Reef in Australia – the world’s most spectacular coral reefs, feeling like in paradise. However, my joy was tinged with sadness upon learning that, the worldwide coral reef ecosystem has been under serious threat from pollution and the warming of oceans, and nearly 60% may be lost by 2030. One of the surprising culprits behind this environmental devastation is something many of us use daily: sunscreen.
Increasing research found that traditional sunscreens contain harmful chemicals that damage marine life, particularly coral reefs. It is estimated that each year, 14,000 tons of sunscreen are washing off people’s skin that enters the ocean. The good news is that there’s some simple changes you can make to protect both your skin and our precious ocean. In this beginner’s guide, we’ll explore everything you need to know about switching to reef-safe sunscreen.
Here is a quick overview of things you will learn in this guide:
- How Sunscreen Damage Marine Life?
- What is Reef Safe Sunscreen?
- 10 Reef Safe Sunscreen Brands, Are They Really?
- Identifying Your SPF Needs
- Patch Test Reef Safe Sunscreen
- Cost of Reef Safe Sunscreen
- 4 Frequently Asked Questions
How Sunscreen Damage Marine Life?
Common sunscreens are mostly chemical-based, containing ingredients such as oxybenzone (sometimes labelled benzophenone-3), octinoxate and octocrylene. These chemicals are easily absorbed by small and vulnerable marine animals, including coral reefs, mussels, fish and dolphins. For instance, oxybenzone causes fatal endocrine disruptions, leading to the death of baby corals and mass bleaching in adult corals. These harmful chemicals can also affect fish fertility and reproduction, causing female characteristics in male fish.
According to a study, even one tiny drop of oxybenzone in the equivalent of six-and-a-half Olympic-sized swimming pools can cause damage to coral reefs, while in Hawaii and the Caribbean, the concentration of oxybenzone is 12 times higher.
Since 2018, an increasing number of destinations have banned the sale of sunscreens containing toxic chemicals to marine environments: Hawaii, Palau, some Caribbean Islands, and tourism spots in Mexico and Thailand. In the UK, Holland & Barrett has stopped selling chemical sunscreen from 2022.
What is Reef Safe Sunscreen?
Reef Safe sunscreens are formulated without harmful chemicals to marine life, particularly coral reefs. It doesn’t contain ingredients like oxybenzone, octinoxate, parabens and certain preservatives. Instead it uses mineral-based active ingredients such as non-nano zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. Non-nano means their particles are too large to be ingested by corals and other marine organisms. Simply put, most reef safe sunscreens rely on minerals that sit on the skin’s surface to reflect UVA and UVB rays rather than absorbing them.
It’s important to note that the terms “Reef Safe ” and “Reef Friendly” are not regulated, meaning a product might be labelled with the term even it contains reef-damaging ingredients. For instance, Hawaii’s sunscreen regulation only banned Oxybenzone and Octinoxate, but there are still other harmful chemicals.
To help you identify truly reef safe sunscreens, the best way is to check the ingredients on the product packaging or label. Here are the ingredients to avoid, as suggested by the HEL (Haereticus Environmental Laboratory) List :
- Oxybenzone (Absolutely NO)
- Octinoxate (Absolutely NO)
- Octocrylene – While not proven to damage coral specifically, it has been shown to affect fish. Some ‘coral reef safe’ sunscreen brands still use this ingredient.
- Avobenzone
- 4-methylbenzylidene camphor
- Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
- Parabens
- Triclosan
- Nanoparticles or “nano-sized” zinc or titanium – If it doesn’t explicitly say “micro-sized” or “non-nano” and it can rub in, it’s probably nano-sized.
- Any form of microplastic spheres or beads
I often find the ingredient lists are not very visible on many mainstream sunscreens sold at pharmacies and retailers. They come in tiny prints or are placed behind another label. Searching the ingredients list of the specific products online can help you get the full picture. Do not buy a sunscreen before you’re confident it contains no toxic chemicals to the ocean.
Reef Safe Sunscreen Brands, Are They Really?
As awareness of the impact of sunscreens on marine life grows, an increasing number of skincare brands have been developing Reef Safe sunscreens in recent years. From popular labels to niche players, I researched 10 brands that claim to be Reef Safe or Reef Friendly. Here’s what I found, to help you make informed decisions as a consumer:
1. Nivea
A well-known budget-friendly skincare brand, claims that all of their sunscreens are reef safe, free from Octinoxate and Oxybenzone – the two common reef bleaching chemicals found in traditional sunscreens. They also skip Octocrylene, a harmful ingredient still found in many other so-called “reef-safe” sunscreens. However, I found that some of Nivea’s sun lotions contain nano Titanium Dioxide, which is harmful to marine life because the particles are small enough to be ingested by corals and other marine organisms. So, when you’re choosing specific products, always double-check the ingredients before you buy.
2. La Roche-Posay
La Roche-Posay, with their popular and award-winning Anthelios line of mineral sunscreens (also known as “physical” sunscreens), claims that their formulas have been independently tested with partners like Tara Pacific and the Scientific Center of Monaco. These tests have shown no adverse effects on marine life. I’ve been using La Roche-Posay Anthelios facial sunscreens for over a year, and they work really well.
3. Green People
Green People is the world’s first certified organic skincare brand, has created award-winning and natural sunscreens that are kind to skin (suitable for sensitive skin) and kind to our seas. Formulated with absolutely no Oxybenzone or Octinoxate, their mineral sun filter is powered by non-nano Zinc Oxide. Additionally, they donate a portion of sales to the Marine Conservation Society, having contributed over £130,000 to date.
4. Sol De Janeiro
Sol De Janeiro is a fast-growing beauty brand known for its amazing scents and a social media trendy brand, has newly launched their SPF line, Rio Radiance. It’s 100% mineral-based, doesn’t contain Oxybenzone, Octinoxate, Paraben, Nano zinc, or other chemicals harmful to the ocean. Since it’s a very new product, reviews regarding its environmental impact are still limited.
5. Soltan
Soltan, the sun care brand from Boots, offers a variety of SPF products, but most of them are chemical-based. While they meet the standards of the Hawaii Reef Bill by being free from Oxybenzone and Octinoxate, they still contain a few other chemicals like Octocrylene that are harmful to ocean life.
6. Sun Bum
Sum Bum offers both mineral and non-mineral sunscreens. Although their products are compliant with Hawaii’s Act 104, the non-mineral options contain ingredients like Octocrylene and Avobenzone, which are harmful to marine life. Only their mineral range is a reef safe choice.
7. Badger
Badger is one of the first sunscreen brands to receive the Protect Land & Sea Certificate, does not contain any of the ingredients shown to harm coral reefs. The only active ingredient in their sunscreens is non-nano zinc oxide. Plus, the base ingredients are 80% organic and Non-GMO.
8. Thinkbaby and Thinksport
Thinkbaby and Thinksport clearly state that their sunscreens do not contain any harmful ingredients listed on the HEL list. They appear to be a promising reef safe SPF brand for babies and watersports enthusiasts.
9. Safe Sea
This brand came up as the top result to me when I searched the keyword “reef safe sunscreen” on Amazon, claiming to be the world’s first anti-jellyfish and sea lice sunscreen and 100% reef safe. However, they do not fully disclose their ingredient list. They contain the active ingredient Avobenzone which is a toxic chemical to the ocean. Their mineral sunscreen uses Zinc Oxide, but doesn’t specify if it’s non-nano. Whether this brand is truly reef safe remains a question mark to us.
10. Blue Lizard
An Australian mineral sunscreen brand with over 20 years of experience, powered by two active ingredients: Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide. Despite its popularity and longevity, the brand does not clarify whether its ingredients are non-nano sized. Like Safe Sea, Blue Lizard remains a question mark in terms of truly reef safe.”
Identifying Your SPF Needs
Now you’ve narrowed down your choices to reef safe sunscreen brands, the next step is to identify your specific needs. The wide range of sunscreen available on the market can be overwhelming, here are some factors to consider:
- Skin Type
First things first, think about your skin type. Got sensitive skin? You’ll want something hypoallergenic and free from fragrances and other nasties. If you’re dealing with oily or acne-prone skin, go for a non-comedogenic formula that won’t clog your pores. For those with dry skin, a sunscreen with added moisturisers is a win.
- Usage Area
Consider where you’ll be applying the sunscreen. Facial sunscreens are often formulated to be lighter and less greasy compared to those meant for the body. And if you’re shopping for little ones, go for baby or children-friendly options that are extra gentle.
- SPF Level
The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) you need depends on your typical sun exposure. For daily use, an SPF of 30 is generally sufficient. However, if you’re spending extended periods outdoors, especially in strong sunlight, an SPF 50 or higher is recommended.
- Activities
What are you up to? If you’re hitting the beach or doing some water sports, you’ll need a water-resistant formula. These sunscreens stay effective longer when you’re in the water or sweating.
- Formulation Preferences
Sunscreens come in various forms – lotions, creams, sticks, and sprays. Think about what you prefer. Lotions and creams give you thorough coverage, while sticks and sprays are great for quick touch-ups on the go.
By thinking about these factors, you’ll be able to pick a reef safe sunscreen that suits your needs and lifestyle perfectly. Plus, you’ll be doing your part to protect the ocean!
Patch Test Reef Safe Sunscreen
It’s always a good idea to patch test reef-safe suncare products before you commit to a full purchase. Try a small amount on your skin to see how it feels, smells, and works for you. This is especially important if you have sensitive skin. Some reef-safe sunscreens might not be available in your local stores and could only be sold online. In that case, try reaching out to the brand’s online store or their third-party retailers to ask for a sample. Sometimes, they’ll be happy to send you a small amount to try at home. If getting a sample isn’t an option, checking out reviews from other users can give you a good sense of what to expect. Look for comments on texture, scent, and effectiveness to see if it matches your needs. Also, consider joining online forums or social media groups focused on eco-friendly products – people there often share their experiences and might even recommend where to get samples.
And remember, even if a sunscreen is reef-safe, it might not be the perfect fit for your skin type, so don’t hesitate to try a few different ones until you find your favourite.
Cost of Reef Safe Sunscreen
Many believe reef-safe sunscreen is much more expensive than their traditional counterparts, but that’s not the case. When it comes to the cost of reef-safe sunscreen, you’ll find a wide range of options to fit any budget. The good news is, you don’t have to break the bank to be eco-friendly — reef-safe sunscreens are often priced similarly to traditional ones. For example, you can snag Nivea’s reef safe sun cream spray SPF 50+ (200ml) for under £8, while Badger’s 87ml reef-safe sunscreen costs just over £20. So, whether you’re looking to save a few quid or splurge a bit, there’s something for everyone.
Plus, if you decide to go for the pricier options, you might get some extra perks. Many premium formulas offer additional benefits like anti-aging, hydrating, and even tanning properties, catering to all sorts of skincare needs. So, not only will you be protecting your skin and the environment, but you could also be pampering yourself a bit more.
In short, going green with your sunscreen doesn’t mean you need to stretch your wallet. There are affordable and high-end choices out there to suit any budget and preference.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are mineral sunscreens reef safe?
It depends! Mineral sunscreens use Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide as active ingredients to protect the skin from sun damage. These particles can be either nano or non-nano sized. Only non-nano particles are reef safe, as they are too large to be ingested by corals. To ensure your mineral sunscreen is reef safe, check the ingredients list to confirm it explicitly states it contains non-nano sized particles.
Does Reef Safe mean it’s less effective than traditional sunscreen?
No! Reef-safe sunscreens are just as effective as traditional ones in protecting the skin from sun damage. Most reef-safe sunscreens use mineral-based active ingredients, which work as physical sunscreens by sitting on top of the skin to provide a barrier from the sun.
However, it’s important to recognize that sunscreen alone is not enough. Complement it with other sun protection practices, such as wearing UV-protection clothing and limiting prolonged sun exposure.
How do I know if my sunscreen is reef safe?
The best way is to check the Ingredients. Avoid Oxybenzone and Octinoxate – these chemicals are toxic to corals and marine life and are banned in many places like Hawaii.
Also refer to the HEL List as shared above: The Haereticus Environmental Laboratory (HEL) List identifies other harmful ingredients. Use this as a reference.
Research the brand – Some brands are committed to producing reef-safe products. Look into the brand’s environmental policies and reviews.
Safe Disposal – If unfortunately your sunscreen contains harmful chemicals, dispose of it safely through hazardous waste disposal programs to prevent environmental damage.
By following these steps, you can ensure your sunscreen is safe for the oceans and marine life.
Where is traditional sunscreen banned?
Traditional sunscreens, particularly those containing chemicals like oxybenzone and octinoxate, have been banned in several destinations due to their harmful effects on coral reefs and marine life. Here are some notable places where such bans are in place:
- Hawaii, USA: In 2018, Hawaii became the first state in the U.S. to pass legislation banning the sale and distribution of sunscreens containing oxybenzone and octinoxate, which took effect in January 2021.
- Key West, Florida, USA: Key West implemented a similar ban on sunscreens with these chemicals, effective from January 2021.
- Palau: The island nation of Palau has banned sunscreens containing ten specific chemicals, including oxybenzone and octinoxate, starting in January 2020. This was one of the most comprehensive bans, covering a wide range of harmful ingredients.
- Aruba: The Caribbean island of Aruba has announced plans to ban sunscreens containing oxybenzone, with the law expected to take effect soon.
- Bonaire: Another Caribbean island, Bonaire, has banned sunscreens with oxybenzone and octinoxate starting January 2021.
- U.S. Virgin Islands: In March 2020, the U.S. Virgin Islands enacted a ban on the importation, sale, and possession of sunscreens containing oxybenzone, octinoxate, and octocrylene.
- Cancún and Playa del Carmen, Mexico: While not an official ban, authorities strongly recommend the use of reef-safe sunscreens, and many eco-parks and marine reserves enforce this by requiring visitors to use only biodegradable sunscreens.
- Thailand: In 2021, Thailand announced a ban on sunscreens containing chemicals that harm coral reefs in all of its marine national parks.
These bans and regulations are part of a growing global movement to protect marine ecosystems by reducing the influx of harmful chemicals from sunscreen products. If you’re planning to travel to these destinations, it’s essential to use reef-safe sunscreen to comply with local laws and help protect the environment.
